Health Equity and Financial Protection

Foreword

World Bank researchers have a long tradition of developing and applying methods for the analysis of poverty and inequality, often working with collaborators. And the Bank’s researchers have often tried hard to make their methods accessible to others, through “how-to” guides and training courses.
In that tradition, this book is the first in a new series called Streamlined Analysis with ADePT Software. ADePT is an exciting new software tool developed by the Bank’s research department, the Development Research Group. ADePT automates the production of standardized tables and charts using a wide range of methods in distributional analysis, including some advanced methods that are technically demanding and not easily accessible to most potential users. This software makes these sophisticated methods accessible to analysts who have limited programming skills. (ADePT uses the statistical software package Stata but does not require that users know how to program in Stata, or even to have Stata installed on their computers.) But we also hope that ADePT will be valuable to more technically inclined researchers too, by speeding up the production of results and by increasing their reliability and comparability.
The present book provides a guide to ADePT’s two health modules: the first module covers inequality and equity in health, health care utilization, and subsidy incidence; the second, health financing and financial protection. It also provides introductions to the methods used by ADePT and a step-by-step guide to their implementation in the program.
We hope you find this guide useful in your work. Please give us feedback on ADePT (see www.worldbank.org/adept) and this volume, as we wish to make them even more useful in the future.

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Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010

Executive Summary

Eating and physical activity patterns that are focused on consuming fewer calories, making informed food choices, and being physically active can help people attain and maintain a healthy weight, reduce their risk of chronic disease, and promote overall health. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 exempli- fies these strategies through recommendations that accommodate the food preferences, cultural traditions, and customs of the many and diverse groups who live in the United States.

Maintain calorie balance over time to achieve and sustain a healthy weight. People who are most successful at achieving and maintaining a healthy weight do so through continued attention to consuming only enough calories from foods and beverages to meet their needs and by being physically active. To curb the obesity epidemic and improve their health, many Americans must decrease the calories they consume and increase the calories they expend through physical activity.

Focus on consuming nutrient-dense foods and beverages. Americans currently consume too much sodium and too many calories from solid fats, added sugars, and refined grains.2 These replace nutrient-dense foods and beverages and make it difficult for people to achieve recommended nutrient intake while controlling calorie and sodium intake. A healthy eating pattern limits intake of sodium, solid fats, added sugars, and refined grains and emphasizes nutrient-dense foods and beverages—vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products,3 seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, beans and peas, and nuts and seeds.

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Pemilihan Makanan Jajanan

Abstract

School age children have a habit to eat snack. The less nutritious food that doesn’t meet health requirements will treaten student health. Fourty five percent of school age children’s snack consist of hazzardeous cemical things. A survey done in some elementary schools in Kartasura district of Sukoharjo Regency in 2007 showed that 52 ,7 % elementary school student has lack of nutrition knowledge. The objective of this study is to know the correlation of Knowledge and Attitude of Snack Choice with the children behaviour in choosing Food in Al Kautsar Muhammadiyah elementary School in Gumpang Kartasura This is an observasional with cross sectional research. The population in this research is 108 of all students of grade IV and V of Al Kautsar Muhammadiyah elementary School in Gumpang Kartasura. The sample of this reseach consists of 58 student of the same class and the same school based on inclusive and exclusive with rank spearman correlation test. From the result of this research is known that 96 % of the elementary school students have good knowledge about snack and 60,3 % have supportive knowledge. About the behavior of elementary school students in choosing snack, 43,1 % have good behavior whereas 56,9 % have not good behavior. Based on Rank spearman correlation analysis, it is known that there is no correlation between students knowledge about choosing snack with students behavior in choosing snack with p = 0.185, and there no correlation between students attitude in choosing snack with student behavior in choosing snack with p = 0.460.

Keyword: knowledge, attitude, behavior, elementary school students, snack

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PEDOMAN PELAKSANAAN SURVEILANS GIZI

Kata Pengantar

Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor : 828/Menkes/SK/IX/2008 tentang Standar Pelayan Minimal Bidang Kesehatan di Kabupaten/Kota mengamanatkan bahwa semua Kabupaten/kota menyelenggarakan surveilans gizi. Dalam Rencana Strategi (RENSTRA) Kementerian Kesehatan 2010-2014, ada 8 indikator keluaran kegiatan Pembinaan Gizi Masyarakat yang harus dicapai, salah satu diantaranya adalah 100 % kabupaten/kota melaksanakan surveilans gizi.
Surveilans gizi merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang dapat diandalkan untuk mendukung pencapaian tujuan kegiatan Pembinaan Gizi Masyarakat. Dengan pelaksanaan surveilans gizi yang baik keadaan gizi masyarakat dapat dipantau secara teratur, sehingga mampu mencegah, mengantisipasi dan menangani masalah gizi di masyarakat dengan baik.
Buku Pedoman Pelaksanaan Surveilans Gizi di Kabupaten/Kota ini disusun untuk meningkatkan kualitas kegiatan surveilans gizi di tingkat Kabupaten/Kota, yang ditujukan kepada semua petugas kesehatan yang terlibat dalam kegiatan surveilans gizi di Kabupaten/Kota.

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Kata Pengantar
Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor : 828/Menkes/SK/
IX/2008 tentang Standar Pelayan Minimal Bidang Kesehatan di
Kabupaten/Kota mengamanatkan bahwa semua Kabupaten/kota
menyelenggarakan surveilans gizi. Dalam Rencana Strategi (RENSTRA)
Kementerian Kesehatan 2010-2014, ada 8 indikator keluaran kegiatan
Pembinaan Gizi Masyarakat yang harus dicapai, salah satu diantaranya
adalah 100 % kabupaten/kota melaksanakan surveilans gizi.
Surveilans gizi merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang dapat
diandalkan untuk mendukung pencapaian tujuan kegiatan Pembinaan
Gizi Masyarakat. Dengan pelaksanaan surveilans gizi yang baik
keadaan gizi masyarakat dapat dipantau secara teratur, sehingga
mampu mencegah, mengantisipasi dan menangani masalah gizi di
masyarakat dengan baik.
Buku Pedoman Pelaksanaan Surveilans Gizi di Kabupaten/Kota
ini disusun untuk meningkatkan kualitas kegiatan surveilans gizi
di tingkat Kabupaten/Kota, yang ditujukan kepada semua petugas
kesehatan yang terlibat dalam kegiatan surveilans gizi di Kabupaten/
Kota.
Terima kasih kami ucapkan kepada semua pihak yang telah
berpartisipasi dalam proses penyusunan buku pedoman ini. Kritik dan
saran untuk kesempurnaan pedoman ini sangat kami harapkan.
Jakarta, Oktober 2010
Direktur Bina Gizi Masyarakat
DR. Minarto, MPS

Pedoman Gizi Ibu Hamil dan Pengembangan Makanan Tambahan Ibu Hamil Berbasis Pangan Lokal

KATA PENGANTAR

Status gizi masyarakat yang baik merupakan salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan pembangunan kesehatan dan tidak terpisahkan dari pembangunan nasional secara keseluruhan. Hal ini tercemin pada Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) yang terdiri dari umur harapan hidup, tingkat melek huruf dan pendapatan per kapita. IPM yang rendah antara lain dipengaruhi oleh status gizi dan kesehatan yang berdampak pada tingginya angka kematian bayi, balita dan ibu.

Ibu hamil yang menderita gizi kurang, terutama Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK) berisiko melahirkan bayi dengan berat badan rendah dan berdampak pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak, perkembangan intelektual serta produktivitas dikemudian hari. Oleh karena itu kurang gizi pada ibu hamil harus dihindari sehingga ibu hamil merupakan kelompok sasaran yang perlu mendapat perhatian khusus. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan untuk mempertahankan dan meningkatkan status gizi ibu hamil yaitu dengan menekankan pada pemberian makanan tambahan. Kegiatan pemberian makanan tambahan bagi ibu hamil bertujuan untuk menambah asupan gizi ibu hamil sehingga kebutuhan gizi selama hamil dapat terpenuhi.

Jenis makanan tambahan yang diberikan kepada ibu hamil dapat berupa PMT berbasis pangan lokal maupun PMT pabrikan. Jenis PMT berbasis pangan lokal merupakan kegiatan strategis dengan memanfaatkan bahan yang tersedia dan mudah didapat di setiap daerah. Untuk mewujudkan tujuan tersebut telah tersusun buku PEDOMAN GIZI IBU HAMIL DAN PENGEMBANGAN MAKANAN TAMBAHAN IBU HAMIL BERBASIS PANGAN LOKAL.

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KMS

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